In this article, I am addressing questions i.e. “what is an economic institution? What are the functions of an economic institution?” What is a social institution? The term ‘social institution’ refers to an interlinked system of roles and social norms aimed at achieving certain fundamental needs of people. In other words, it is an organized…
This post illustrates and interprets different tables, graphs, and statistics of the Population of Pakistan. It also explains the formula used in the calculation of birth, death, and birth rates, and related concepts. How is the crude birth rate calculated? The crude birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of births by1000 and multiplied…
This post describes the salient features of the Mehrgarh Civilization including its origin, location, and name. It is one of the important ancient civilizations of Pakistan. Origin, location, and Name Archeologists trace the origin of the Mehrgarh Civilization back to the stone age. It emerged approximately 7000 – 2500 BCE in Pakistan. It has been…
This article is about the main features of Pervez Musharraf’s economic policy that he had adopted during his rule from 1999 to 2008. What were the main features of Pervez Musharraf’s economic policy? The salient features of Musharraf’s economic policy included liberalization, privatization, foreign direct investment, industrialization, improvement of irrigation and transportation system. 1. Liberalization …
This post discusses Zia-ul-Haq’s reforms that he introduced during 1977 and 1988. The impact of the reforms is also described in detail in the following lines: What were the important reforms of General Zia-ul-Haq? The main reforms that Zia-ul-Haq introduced in Pakistan during his rule from 1977 to 1988 included privatization and Islamization. Zia’s reforms…
This post discusses Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Economic Policy introduced in Pakistan during his tenure from 1972 to 1977. Main features of Bhutto’s Economic Policy The economic policy of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was characterized by two important reforms of the nationalization and land reforms as discussed below. Nationalization of institutions Before discussing the nationalization that Bhutto…
This post describes salient features of the Gandhara Civilization that originated in the northwest of Pakistan, spread into all directions, and finally disappeared with the advent of Islam in the region. What is the original location of the Gandhara Civilization? Gandhara was the name of the region which included the Peshawar valley, Swat, Buner, Bajaur,…
This post describes salient features of the Indus Valley Civilization in an elaborate manner. What was Indus Valley Civilization? Indus Valley Civilization was a bronze-aged civilization that emerged in 3300 BCE in the lower Indus plain at Mohenjo Daro in today’s Pakistan. The civilization after reaching its climax from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE started…
This post defines the term ‘civilization’ and explains its defining features. Moreover, it provides a chronological list of the ancient civilizations of Pakistan. You can click any of these ancient civilizations to read about their location and salient features. What does the term ‘civilization’ refer to? The term civilization is a very contested topic among…
Following is the answer key for Pak-studies MCQs for Grade 9 Option “A” (Simla Deputation 1906) Option “D” (Muslims had prior bitter experience of Congress rule.) Option “A” (Fossil fuel) Option ” C” (Agriculture) Option “B” (Water-logging) Option “D” (Maritime Climate) Option “B” (By and large the league failed in the election) Option “C” (Jinnah’s…