This article describes the areas of difference between scientific and religious approaches. Characteristics of Science The distinguishing characteristics of scientific knowledge vis a vis religious views are as follows: 1. Empirical data The term ‘science’ refers to systematic knowledge dealing with empirical data. Scientific knowledge develops through observation and measurement. People thinking and working on…
This article gives a brief but comprehensive description the views of Scottish anthropologist, James George Frazer (1854-1941) on religion and science. As an important topic of discussion in Moral philosophy, his views are part of academic discipline, Ethics which I teach at college level.  Who was James George Frazer? James George Frazer (1854-1941) was…
This article describes the architectural heritage of Hyderabad city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Important landmarks of Hyderabad city Some of the important landmarks of the architectural heritage of Hyderabad city include Pacco Qillo, tombs of Talpur Mirs, Rani Bagh, Sindh Museum, and Hyderabad Cantonment. 1. Pacco Qila Pacco Qila is a historical fort…
This article describes the Indo-Saracenic architecture in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Indo-Saracenic architecture refers to the type of architecture the British patronized during their rule on the Indian subcontinent from 1857 to 1947.  Introduction Like that of the Greek and Tuko-Afghan empires, the establishment of the British Raj also gave birth to a fusion…
This entry briefly but comprehensively describes the Talpur dynasty and architecture it patronized during its rule in Sindh from 1783 to 1843 until the annexation of Sindh by the British. However, the Talpur continued to rule under the British who confined them to the Khaipur state. The Talpur continued to rule Khairpur state till 1955…
This post sheds light on the Kalhora dynasty and architecture it developed during its rule from 1701 to 1783 in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Introduction of the Kalhora Dynasty Founded by  Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, a Mughal governor of Upper Sindh, The Kalhora dynasty ruled Sindh between 1701 and 1783. Kalhora rulers ruled Sindh…
This post sheds light on Makli Necropolis, the largest funerary site in the world which is located in present-day Pakistan. Spread over 10 kilometers, Maki Necropolis is the largest funerary site in the world. It is located near the city of Thatta in the Sindh province of Pakistan with 0.5 to 1 million tombs built…
In the Sindh province of Pakistan, Kashi tiles have been an important component of historical architectural monuments. The term ‘Kashi’ means decoration in Persian. However, in Sindh, the term is commonly used for all types of glazed tiles which have been used extensively in buildings throughout the ages. The manufacture of Kashi tiles is known…
Architectural models of the Sindh region of Pakistan can be classified into four main categories i.e. ancient architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, Colonial architecture, post-independence architecture. Each of the above architectural models of Sindh is discussed in detail below: 1. Ancient model of architecture Archeologists consider Sindh to be one of the cradles of civilizations that emerged,…
This post defines and gives a brief description of different forms of fine arts i.e architecture, painting, drawing, graphics. What is art? The term ‘art’ refers to skillful communication of an idea with a purpose to arouse intellectual and emotional reactions in the audience. In other words, art is a creative activity through which an…
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