This post describes the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate for a period of 30 years covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent. Brief introduction Founded by Jala-ud-din Khalji, the Khalji dynasty reigned the Delhi sultanate from 1290 to 1320. Khalji dynasty replaced Mamluk rulers and Turkic nobles as the dominating power thus bringing…
This post gives a brief but comprehensive description of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206. Who were the Mamluks? Mamluk is a Turkic word that means a soldier of a slave origin. Mamluks started to occupy a powerful position in Muslim armies from the 9th century because of…
Founded by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in 1206, the Delhi sultanate was a Muslim empire in north India from 1206 to 1525. This article discusses how did Aibak, the slave general found the Delhi Sultanate? Background Mu’izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, also known as Muhammad of Ghor was the Sultan of the Ghurid Empire from 1173 to 1202….
This article defines the concept of Sufism and discusses the role of Sufi saints and religious reformers in the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. What is Sufism? The term ‘Sufism’ refers to Islamic mysticism, called Tasawuf in Arabic. It can be defined as the belief and practice, introduced in Islam in the later…
This post describes and analyzes the impact of the Conquest of Sindh 712 AD by a young Arab general, Muhammad- bin-Qasim. Who was Muhammad Bin Qasim? Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi (695 – 715 AD), was an Arab military commander of the Ummayad Caliphate (661–750). The Ummayad Caliphate ruled by the sons of Ummayah was the…
This article explains and analyzes the impact of the arrival of Aryans in India. Who were Aryans and where did they come from? According to a mid-19th-century theory, the Aryans were fair-skinned people who settled in ancient Iran and northern India around 1500 BC. They entered the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent through Iran…
There are approximately 70 languages spoken in different regions in Pakistan. Among these 70 languages, 66 are indigenous and spoken as the first language. The major regional languages of Pakistan include Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Barohi, Pashto, Hindko, Shina, Khowar, Kasmiri, Balti, etc. This article discusses the steps taken for the development and promotion of regional…
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